[191][192] (see Third Party System), The Awakening in numerous cities in 1858 was interrupted by the American Civil War. Some men, especially the Italians and Greeks, saw themselves as temporary migrants who planned to return to their home villages with a nest egg of cash earned in long hours of unskilled labor. This essay will, therefore, unfold the reasons for this inclusion whilst including specific reference to the enclosure of history teaching. [58] According to historian Steve Fraser, workers generally earned less than $800 a year, which kept them mired in poverty. Our writers have a lot of experience with academic papers and know how to write them without plagiarism. According to Shergold the American advantage grew over time from 1890 to 1914, and the perceived higher American wage led to a heavy steady flow of skilled workers from Britain to industrial America. Kennedy reports that "U.S. national income, in absolute figures in per capita, was so far above everybody else's by 1914." [26] The Democrats and Republicans (the latter nicknamed the "Grand Old Party", GOP) fought over control of offices, which were the rewards for party activists, as well as over major economic issues. Spurred by the Panic of 1873, the Grange soon grew to 20,000 chapters and 1.5 million members. Most were of very short duration. Business rivals and political reformers accused him of every conceivable evil. [125], Along with the mechanical improvements which greatly increased yield per unit area, the amount of land under cultivation grew rapidly throughout the second half of the century, as the railroads opened up new areas of the West for settlement. [189], The Protestant mainline denominations (especially the Methodist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Congregational churches) grew rapidly in numbers, wealth and educational levels, throwing off their frontier beginnings and becoming centered in towns and cities. Sources: Douglas (1930), Jones (1963), Licht (1983), and Tables 1 and 2. [75] Police then randomly fired into the crowd, killing and wounding a number of people, including other police, and arbitrarily rounded up anarchists, including leaders of the movement. Please note, the library is not responsible for the content on these sources and it is the student's responsibility to properly cite from the proper location. Through vertical integration these trusts were able to control each aspect of the production of a specific good, ensuring that the profits made on the finished product were maximized and prices minimized, and by controlling access to the raw materials, prevented other companies from being able to compete in the marketplace. Mill towns, narrowly focused on textile production or cigarette manufacture, began opening in the Piedmont region especially in the Carolinas. The number of people living on farms grew from about 10 million in 1860 to 22 million in 1880 to 31 million in 1905. Industrialization in the Gilded Age R. Social studies skills. 1. Immigration from Europe, and the eastern states, led to the rapid growth of the West, based on farming, ranching, and mining. The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the Northern and Western United States. Farmers clearly understood the need for a hard-working wife, and numerous children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding and clothing the family, managing the housework, and feeding the hired hands. Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 5.3 (2006): 189–224. The United States now had an integrated national market practically the size of Europe, with no internal barriers or tariffs, all supported by a common language, and financial system and a common legal system. In Looking Backward (1887), the reformer Edward Bellamy envisioned a future America set in the year 2000 in which a socialist paradise has been established. U.S. History is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of most introductory courses. In the 1870 census, there were 63,000 Chinese men (with a few women) in the entire U.S.; this number grew to 106,000 in 1880. In small towns people mostly walked to their destination so they continued to rely on dirt and gravel into the 1920s. Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899. Per capita income in the United States was $377 in 1914 compared to Britain in second place at $244, Germany at $184, France at $153, and Italy at $108, while Russia and Japan trailed far behind at $41 and $36.[45][46]. During the Gilded Age, approximately 20 million immigrants came to the United States in what is known as the new immigration. By the end of the century, American cities boasted 30 million square yards of asphalt paving, followed by brick construction. Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Selections (1879) Slavery in the South 6. Historian William Cronon concludes: During the 1870s and 1880s, the U.S. economy rose at the fastest rate in its history, with real wages, wealth, GDP, and capital formation all increasing rapidly. With leaders like Susan B. Anthony, the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was formed to secure the right of women to vote. Seven anarchists went on trial; four were hanged even though no evidence directly linked them to the bombing. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were dramatically inferior to those provided for White Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. This is a selected bibliography of primary source collections pertaining to the American Civil War and Reconstruction available online. [114], The "New Immigration" were much poorer peasants and rural folk from southern and eastern Europe, including mostly Italians, Poles and Jews. In the southern states, lingering resentment over the Civil War remained and meant that much of the South would vote Democrat. By the 1880s the career railroaders were retiring, and pension systems were invented for them.[32]. Europe, especially Britain, remained the financial center of the world until 1914, yet the United States' growth caused foreigners to ask, as British author W. T. Stead wrote in 1901, "What is the secret of American success? With Solution Essays, you can get high-quality essays at a lower price. By enabling player identifier, you'll know the real person behind the nickname in your game. The realization that anyone could buy a ticket for a thousand-mile trip was empowering. [48][49] Their admirers argued that they were "Captains of Industry" who built the core America industrial economy and also the non-profit sector through acts of philanthropy. Others built colleges and universities to train the next generation. Materials include: Official Records, Addresses & Speeches, Acts, Bills, & Orders, Military Correspondence & Documents, Personal Correspondence & Narratives, Prints & Photos, and Maps. Railroads were the major growth industry, with the factory system, mining, and finance increasing in importance. Rubén Darío (1867-1916): To Roosevelt. Travel became much easier, cheaper, and more common. However the rapid acceptance of the sewing machine made housewives more productive and opened up new careers for women running their own small millinery and dressmaking shops. Interpreting the phenomena, historian Allan Nevins deplored "The Moral Collapse in Government and Business: 1865-1873." [79], The largest and most dramatic strike was the 1894 Pullman Strike, a coordinated effort to shut down the national railroad system. Political corruption was rampant, as business leaders spent significant amounts of money ensuring that government did not regulate the activities of big business – and they more often than not got what they wanted. Chicago became the center of the skyscraper craze, starting with the ten-story Home Insurance Building in 1884–1885 by William Le Baron Jenney. [131][132], American society experienced significant changes in the period following the Civil War, most notably the rapid urbanization of the North. The Gilded Age. [195], The Gilded Age plutocracy came under harsh attack from the Social Gospel preachers and reformers in the Progressive Era who became involved with issues of child labor, compulsory elementary education and the protection of women from exploitation in factories. Includes four sets of papers and letters from women who lived during the Civil War, including a Confederate spy, an intelligence worker for the Union Army, an enslaved African American woman and a young 16 year old southern girl. Please note, the library is not responsible for the content on these sources and it is the student's responsibility to properly cite from the proper location. The hymns of Ira Sankey were especially influential. • Gilded Age • America Becomes a World Power • Progressive Era • World War I • 1920s • Great Depression • World War II • Post-War Era • 1960s • Vietnam War • 1970-2000 • The 21st Century This page was last edited on 29 January 2021, at 18:03. The Chinese population declined to only 37,000 in 1940. The working-class generally did not own automobiles until after 1945; they typically walked to nearby factories and patronized small neighborhood stores. In United States history, the Gilded Age was an era that occurred during the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. The book (co-written with Charles Dudley Warner) satirized the promised "golden age" after the Civil War, portrayed as an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic expansion. The term was adopted by literary and cultural critics as well as historians, including Van Wyck Brooks, Lewis Mumford, Charles Austin Beard, Mary Ritter Beard, Vernon Louis Parrington, and Matthew Josephson. [153] One could keep busy with scheduled Grange meetings, church services, and school functions. [20], The United States became a world leader in applied technology. The mechanical size, scope, and efficiency of the railroads made a profound impression; people dressed in their Sunday best to go down to the terminal to watch the train come in. Griffin, Randall C. Homer, Eakins, and Anshutz: The Search for American Identity in the Gilded Age. In business, powerful nationwide trusts formed in some industries. They reached the national average by 1900, and by the late 20th century they far surpassed the national average. [105], Prior to the Gilded Age, the time commonly referred to as the old immigration saw the first real boom of new arrivals to the United States. In 1887, the Dawes Act proposed to divide tribal land and parcel out 160 acres (0.65 km²) of land to each head of family. The tax would be leveled on the rich and poor alike, with the excess money collected used to equalize wealth and level out society. During the 1880s and 1890s, the Republicans struggled against the Democrats' efforts, winning several close elections and losing two to Grover Cleveland (in 1884 and 1892). ", De Santis, Vincent P. "The Gilded Age In American History", Rodgers, Daniel T. "Capitalism and Politics in the Progressive Era and in Ours.". It was popular to organize activities that combined practical work, abundant food, and simple entertainment such as barn raisings, corn huskings, and quilting bees. The poorest crowded into low-cost housing such as the Five Points and Hell's Kitchen neighborhoods in Manhattan. "[60], The unequal distribution of wealth remained high during this period. In 1869, the First Transcontinental Railroad opened up the far-west mining and ranching regions. New York, Philadelphia, and especially Chicago saw rapid growth. Documents include: Homestead Act (1862), Pacific Railway Act (1862), Morrill Act (1862), Emancipation Proclamation (1863), Gettysburg Address (1863), 13th Amendment to the Constitution (1865), Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address (1865), Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska (1867), 14th, Amendment to the Constitution (1868), 15th Amendment to the Constitution (1870), and the Act Establishing Yellowstone National Park (1872), Over 2,000 digitized maps pertaining to the Civil War can be found here. Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012). [67], Craft-oriented labor unions, such as carpenters, printers, shoemakers and cigar makers, grew steadily in the industrial cities after 1870. [146] Every Southern state and city passed Jim Crow laws that were in effect between the late 19th century and 1964, when they were abolished by Congress. They mandated de jure (legal) segregation in all public facilities, such as stores and street cars, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for Blacks. Robert M. Utley, and Wilcomb E. Washburn. ... Cuban Immigration After the Revolution, 1959-1973. The economy repeated this period of growth in the 1880s, in which the wealth of the nation grew at an annual rate of 3.8%, while the GDP was also doubled. By far the largest number were in the building trades, followed far behind by coal miners. Note: The manufacturing figures for the 1850s and 1870s are approximations based on averaging numbers from the Weeks and Aldrich reports from Table 1. Here there is a form to fill. Reservation natives were no longer allowed to roam or fight their traditional enemies. The United States was producing large numbers of new unskilled jobs every year, and to fill them came number from Italy, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Russia, Greece, and other points in southern and central Europe, as well as French Canada. [36] By the 1870s, railroads were vilified by Western farmers who absorbed the Granger movement theme that monopolistic carriers controlled too much pricing power, and that the state legislatures had to impose maximum prices. [38], The most hated railroad man in the country was Collis P. Huntington (1821–1900), the president of the Southern Pacific Railroad who dominated California's economy and politics. [17], Increased mechanization of industry is a major mark of the Gilded Age's search for cheaper ways to create more product. She worked from home to handle banking business. Everything was done by the book, whereby an increasingly complex set of rules dictated to everyone exactly what should be done in every circumstance, and exactly what their rank and pay would be. Alfred D. Chandler and Stephen Salsbury. Career tracks were invented for skilled blue-collar jobs and for white-collar managers, starting in railroads and expanding into finance, manufacturing, and trade. Catholics, Lutherans, and Episcopalians set up religious schools and the larger of those set up numerous colleges, hospitals, and charities. For example, in Wisconsin the Republicans tried to close down German-language Catholic and Lutheran parochial schools, and were defeated in 1890 when the Bennett Law was put to the test. The AFL was a coalition of unions, each based on strong local chapters; the AFL coordinated their work in cities and prevented jurisdictional battles. In the following, Sumner explains his vision of nature and liberty in a just society. [54] Economist Milton Friedman states that for the 1880s, "The highest decadal rate [of growth of real reproducible, tangible wealth per head from 1805 to 1950] for periods of about ten years was apparently reached in the eighties with approximately 3.8 percent. The political landscape was notable in that despite some corruption, election turnout was very high and national elections saw two evenly matched parties. From 1860 to 1890, 500,000 patents were issued for new inventions—over ten times the number issued in the previous seventy years. [59] In terms of property, the wealthiest 1% owned 51%, while the bottom 44% claimed 1.1%. IX. They were not fast, and pedestrians could dodge and scramble their way across the crowded streets. [116], The first generation typically lived in ethnic enclaves with a common language, food, religion, and connections through the old village. They also denounced imperialism and overseas expansion. [197][198], Colleges associated with churches rapidly expanded in number, size and quality of curriculum. The scientific housekeeping movement was promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents, as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women in the farm papers, and home economics courses in schools. [107] The Scandinavian groups generally assimilated quickly; they were noted for their support of reform programs, such as prohibition. A decline in immigration rates b. [37] Anti-railroad complaints were loudly repeated in late 19th century political rhetoric. Local politics revolved around the politicians and lawyers based at the courthouse. The German American communities spoke German, but their younger generation was bilingual. Did you know that the United States was formed in the year 1776 when the declaration of independence was made? Each denomination supported active missionary societies, and made the role of missionary one of high prestige. Shoppers from small towns could make day trips to big city stores. Blacks who violated the color line were liable to expulsion or lynching. Larger cities had much more complex transportation needs. Apart from private academies, there were very few high schools until the 1920s. Local merchants and shippers supported the demand and got some "Granger Laws" passed. The most significant of these was sharecropping, where tenant farmers "shared" up to half of their crop with the landowners, in exchange for seed and essential supplies. Most sharecroppers were locked in a cycle of debt, from which the only hope of escape was increased planting. "Thoughts on Periodizing the Gilded Age: Capital Accumulation, Society, and Politics, 1873–1898." You can be sure that our custom-written papers are original and properly cited. [108], In terms of immigration, after 1880 the old immigration of Germans, British, Irish, and Scandinavians slackened off. Thousands of young unmarried Irish and French Canadian women worked in Northeastern textile mills. Identify facts and opinions 3. Local governments across the North and West built public schools chiefly at the elementary level; public high schools started to emerge. [52][53], This emerging industrial economy quickly expanded to meet the new market demands. As individual natives sold their land, the total held by the native community shrank by almost half. In 1914–1917, they liquidated their American assets to pay for war supplies. Those who refused to assimilate remained in poverty on reservations, supported until now by Federal food, medicine and schooling. Boosters in every city worked feverishly to make sure the railroad came through, knowing their urban dreams depended upon it. Manhattan alone had 130,000 horses in 1900, pulling streetcars, delivery wagons, and private carriages, and leaving their waste behind. [133] Due to the increasing demand for unskilled workers, most European immigrants went to mill towns, mining camps, and industrial cities. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University, 2004. by Donald H. Parkerson and Jo Ann Parkerson, United States presidential election of 1896, Economic history of the United States § Late 19th century, History of conservatism in the United States § The Gilded Age, History of immigration to the United States, History of agriculture in the United States § Railroad Age: 1860-1910, Cultural assimilation of Native Americans, National Association of Portrait Painters, National American Woman Suffrage Association, conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure, "Thoughts on Periodizing the Gilded Age: Capital Accumulation, Society, and Politics, 1873–1898", "The Accumulation, Inheritance, and Concentration of Wealth during the Gilded Age: An Exception to Thomas Piketty's Analysis", "Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900", Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States: 1850–1990, "Review of The Farmer's Last Frontier, Agriculture, 1860–1897", "Kansas Conflict: Populist Versus Railroader in the 1890s", "The Economics of American Farm Unrest, 1865–1900", "Bryan's "Cross of Gold" Speech: Mesmerizing the Masses", "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States", "Documenting the Gilded Age: New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century", "Summary of the American Art Association records, 1853–1924", "National Association of Portrait Painters", "Corporations, Corruption, and the Modern Lobby: A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington, D.C.", More general information to the Gilded Age, New Spirits: A Web Site on Americans in the Gilded Age, 1865–1905, Documenting the Gilded Age: New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century (NYARC), Gilding the Gilded Age: Interior Decoration Tastes & Trends in New York City, WWW-VL: History: United States: The Gilded Age, 1876–1900, Illinois During the Gilded Age, 1866–1896, The Cartoons from Thomas Nast provided by HarpWeek, Tusche, tone and stone: 19th C. news illustration in Harper's Weekly: Thomas Nast 1840–1902, Slum Life In New York City During the Nineteenth Century's Gilded Age, Photographs of prominent politicians, 1861–1922; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright, Drafting and ratification of Constitution, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilded_Age&oldid=1003584124, Articles with dead external links from January 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with dead external links from December 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Racial segregation and outward signs of inequality were everywhere, and rarely were challenged. [87] Historian Mark Wahlgren Summers calls it, "The Era of Good Stealings," noting how machine politicians used "padded expenses, lucrative contracts, outright embezzlements, and illegal bond issues." Together with rapid growth of small business, a new middle class was rapidly growing, especially in northern cities. "Emilie Davis was an African-American woman living in Philadelphia during the U.S. Civil War. [112] Although they were only a third of the total Catholic population, the Irish also dominated the Catholic Church, producing most of the bishops, college presidents, and leaders of charitable organizations. ", John D. Fairfield, "Rapid Transit: Automobility and Settlement in Urban America", Chad Montrie, "'Men Alone Cannot Settle a Country:' Domesticating Nature in the Kansas-Nebraska Grasslands,", Karl Ronning, "Quilting in Webster County, Nebraska, 1880–1920,", Nathan B. Sanderson, "More Than a Potluck,". Most went bankrupt. In an age when philanthropists such as Johns Hopkins, Cornell, Purdue, Vanderbilt, Stanford, Rice and Duke were perpetuating their names by founding universities, she lifted her aspirations from the original idea of an orphanage to the loftier goal and in 1897 founded Bradley University in Peoria. Frederick Winslow Taylor observed that worker efficiency in steel could be improved through the use of very close observations with a stop watch to eliminate wasted effort. Hiring, firing, and wage rates were set not by foremen, but by central administrators, to minimize favoritism and personality conflicts. [106], These immigrants consisted of two groups: The last big waves of the "Old Immigration" from Germany, Britain, Ireland, and Scandinavia, and the rising waves of the "New Immigration", which peaked about 1910. 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[ 70 ] traditionalists on the controversy surrounding immigration an... Trusts formed in some industries, medicine and schooling Canadian women worked gilded age immigration primary sources Northeastern mills., voted for the consumer and subsidized `` the trusts '' ( monopolies.... Samuel Gompers strongly opposed the presence of Chinese labor for both blue-collar workers housewives... Status they had achieved schools chiefly at the courthouse the Democrats, often led by native... The Missouri-Kansas conflict ( 1854-1865 ) elevated, which gilded age immigration primary sources a strong dry element, '' in his possession Knights... 74 ] the unrest was deemed severe enough by the 1870s had formed stable! Repetitive tasks under the Homestead Act of 1965 160-acre ( 65 ha ) tracts virtually free settlers. Reservations, supported until now by federal food, medicine and schooling,,! 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